Nucleic acids for detecting fusarium species

ABSTRACT

Nucleic acids for detecting  Aspergillus  species and other filamentous fungi are provided. Unique internal transcribed space 2 coding regions permit the development of nucleic acid probes specific for five different species of  Aspergillus , three species of  Fusarium , four species of  Mucor , two species of  Penecillium , five species of  Rhizopus , one species of  Rhizomucor , as well as probes for  Absidia corymbifer, Cunninghamella elagans, Pseudallescheria boydii , and  Sporothrix schenkii . Methods are disclosed for the species-specific detection and diagnosis of infection by  Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor, Penecillium, Rhizomucor, absidia, Cunninghaemella, Pseudallescheria  or  Sporthrix  in a subject. Furthermore, genus-specific probes are also provided for  Aspergillus, Fusarium  and  Mucor , in addition to an all-fungus nucleic acid probe.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/423,233 filed Jun. 27, 2000, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,430. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/423,233 is a § 371 national stage of PCT/US98/08926 filed May 1, 1997, and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/045,400 filed May 2, 1997.

This invention was made in the Centers for Disease Control Mycotic Diseases Laboratories, an agency of the United States Government.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application relates in general to the field of diagnostic microbiology. In particular, the invention relates to the species-specific detection of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, Absidia, Cunninghamella, Pseudallescheria boydii (Scedosporium apiospermum), and Sporothrix species.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In recent years, chemotherapy for hematological malignancies, and high-dose corticosteroid treatment for organ transplant recipients, along with the spread of AIDS, have greatly increased the number of immunocompromised patients (1, 12, 14, 43). Saprophytic filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Mucor species, found in the environment and considered to be of low virulence, are now responsible for an increasing number of infections in the immunocompromised host (17, 20, 43). In addition, these infections are often fulminant and rapidly fatal in immunocompromised patients (7, 11, 12, 20, 44). Morbidity and mortality is extremely high; for example, aspergillosis has a mortality rate of approximately 90% (8, 11).

To complicate matters, diagnosis is difficult and symptoms are often non-specific (18, 27, 29, 42, 44). Antibody-based tests can be unreliable due to the depressed or variable immune responses of immunocompromised patents (2, 9, 18, 46). Antigen detection tests developed to date have fallen short of the desired sensitivity (2, 9, 38). Radiographic evidence can be non-specific and inconclusive (5, 29, 36), although some progress in diagnosis has been made with the advent of computerized tomography (40). However, definitive diagnosis still requires either a positive blood or tissue culture or histopathological confirmation (3, 21). An added complication is that the invasive procedures necessary to obtain biopsy materials are often not recommended in thrombocytopenic patient populations (37, 41).

Even when cultures of blood, lung or rhinocerebral tissues are positive, morphological and biochemical identification of filamentous fungi can require several days for adequate growth and sporulation to occur, delaying targeted drug therapy. Some atypical isolates may never sporulate, making identification even more difficult (23). When histopathology is performed on tissue biopsy sections, the morphological similarities of the various filamentous fungi in tissue make differentiation difficult (16). Fluorescent antibody staining of histopathological tissue sections is not specific unless cross-reactive epitopes are absorbed out which can make the resultant antibody reactions weak (14, 19). Therapeutic choices vary (7, 41, 44) making a test to rapidly and specifically identify filamentous fungi urgently needed for the implementation of appropriately targeted therapy. Early and accurate diagnosis and treatment can decrease morbidity and increase the chances for patient survival (6, 27, 39). Furthermore, identification of filamentous fungi to at least the species level would be epidemiologically useful (24, 31, 43, 47).

PCR-based methods of detection, which show promise as rapid, sensitive means to diagnose infections, have been used in the identification of DNA from Candida species (13, 15, 30) and some other fungi, particularly Aspergillus species (31, 33, 45). However, most of these tests are only genus-specific (28, 38) or are directed to detect only single-copy genes (4, 35). Others have designed probes to detect multi-copy genes so as to increase test sensitivity (31, 33) but in doing so have lost test specificity because they have used highly conserved genes, which detect one or a few species but which are also plagued with cross-reactivities to human, fungal or even viral DNA (25, 31, 33).

Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide improved materials and methods for detecting and differentiating Aspergillus and other filamentous fungal species in the clinical and laboratory settings.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to nucleic acids for detecting Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, Absidia, Cunninghamella, Pseudallescheria (Scedosporium), and Sporothrix species. Unique internal transcribed spacer 2 coding regions permit the development of probes specific for five different Aspergillus species, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. terreus, and A. nidulans. The invention thereby provides methods for the species-specific detection and diagnosis of Aspergillus infection in a subject. In addition, species probes have been developed for three Fusarium, four Mucor, two Penicillium, five Rhizopus and one Rhizomucor species, as well as probes for Absidia corymbifera, Cunninghamella elegans, Pseudallescheria boydii (Scedosporium apiospermum), and Sporothrix schenckii. Generic probes for Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Mucor species have also been developed.

These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after a review of the following detailed description of the disclosed embodiments and the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides a simple, rapid, and useful method for differentiating filamentous fungal species from each other and from other medically important fungi. This invention enables a rapid, simple and useful method to isolate fungal DNA from host samples, and to apply the species- and genus-specific probes for the diagnosis of a disease. Ultimately, these probes can be used for in situ hybridization or in situ PCR diagnostics so that the morphology of host tissue, and microorganisms, remain intact.

The invention provides nucleic acids containing regions of specificity for five Aspergillus, three Fusarium, four Mucor, two Penicillium, five Rhizopus and one Rhizomucor species as well as probes for Absidia corymbifera, Cunninghamella elegans, Pseudallescheria boydii (Scedosporium apiospremum), and Sporothrix schenckii. These nucleic acids are from the internal transcribed spacer 2 (“ITS2”) region of ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) of the genome of the aforementioned filamentous fungi. The ITS2 region is located between the 5.8S rDNA region and the 28S rDNA region.

In particular, the invention provides nucleic acids from Aspergillus flavus (SEQ ID NO:1), Aspergillus fumigatus (SEQ ID NO:2), Aspergillus niger (SEQ ID NO:3), Aspergillus terreus (SEQ ID NO:4), Aspergillus nidulans (SEQ ID NO:5), Fusarium solani (SEQ ID NO:6), Fusarium moniliforme (SEQ ID NO:7), Mucor rouxii (SEQ ID NO:8), Mucor racemosus (SEQ ID NO:9), Mucor plumbeus (SEQ ID NO:10), Mucor indicus (SEQ ID NO:11), Mucor circinilloides f. circinelloides (SEQ ID NO:12), Rhizopus oryzae (SEQ ID NO:13 and NO:14), Rhizopus microsporus (SEQ ID NO:15 and 16), Rhizopus circinans (SEQ ID NO:17 and 18). Rhizopus stolonifer (SEQ ID NO:19), Rhizomucor pusillus (SEQ ID NO:20), Absidia corymbifera (SEQ ID NO:21 and 22), Cunninghamella elegans (SEQ ID NO:23), Pseudallescheria boydii (teleomorph of Scedosporium apiospermum) (SEQ ID NO:24, 25, 26, and 27), Penicillium notatum (SEQ ID NO:28), and Sporothrix schenkii (SEQ ID NO:29). These sequences can be used to identify and distinguish the respective species of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor, Rhizopus, and Penicillium, and identify and distinguish these species from each other and from Absidia corymbifera, Cunninghamella elegans, Pseudallescheria boydii (Scedosporium apiospermum), and Sporothrix schenkii.

Furthermore, the invention provides isolated nucleic acid probes derived from GenBank nucleic acid sequences (for Penicillium marneffei and Fusarium oxysporum only) or from the above nucleic acid sequences which may be used as species-specific identifiers of Aspergillus flavus (SEQ ID NO:30 and 31), Aspergillus fumigatus (SEQ ID NO:32), Aspergillus niger (SEQ ID NO:33), Aspergillus terreus (SEQ ID NO:34), Aspergillus nidulans (SEQ ID NO: 35), Mucor rouxii (SEQ ID NO:36), Mucor plumbeus (SEQ ID NO:37), Mucor indicus (SEQ ID NO:38), Mucor circinilloides f. circinelloides (SEQ ID NO:39), Mucor racemosus (SEQ ID NO:40), Rhizopus oryzae (SEQ ID NO:41), Rhizopus circinans (SEQ ID NO:42), Rhizomucor pusillus (SEQ ID NO:43), Rhizopus stolonifer (SEQ ID NO:44), Pseudallescheria boydii (Scedosporium apiospermum) (SEQ ID NO:45), Penicillium notatum (SEQ ID NO:46), Penicillium marneffei (SEQ ID NO:47 and 48), Fusarium moniliforme (SEQ ID NO:49), Fusarium oxysporum (SEQ ID NO:50), Fusarium solani (SEQ ID NO:51), Cunninghamella elegans (SEQ ID NO:52, 53, and 54), Absidia corymbifera (SEQ ID NO:55), Sporothrix schenkii (SEQ ID NO:56), and Rhizopus microsporus (SEQ ID NO:57). Such probes can be used to selectively hybridize with samples containing nucleic acids from species of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor, Rhizopus (or Rhizomucor), Penicillium, or from Absidia corymbifera, Cunninghamella elegans, Pseudallescheria boydii (Scedosporium apiospermum), and Sporothrix schenkii. These fungi can be detected after polymerase chain reaction or ligase chain reaction amplification of fungal DNA and specific probing of amplified DNA with DNA probes labeled with digoxigenin, reacted with anti-digoxigenin antibodies labeled with horseradish peroxidase and a colorimetric substrate, for example. Additional probes can routinely be derived from the sequences given in SEQ ID NOs:1–29, which are specific for the respective species. Therefore, the probes shown in SEQ ID NOs:30–57 are only provided as examples of the species-specific probes that can be derived from SEQ ID NOs:1–29.

Generic probes for Aspergillus (SEQ ID NO:58), Fusarium, (SEQ ID NO:59) and Mucor (SEQ ID NO:60) species have also been developed to identify all members of their respective species which are listed above as well as an all fungus biotinylated probe (SEQ ID NO:61) to capture all species-specific and generic probes listed above for their detection.

By “isolated” is meant nucleic acid free from at least some of the components with which it naturally occurs. By “selective” or “selectively” is meant a sequence which does not hybridize with other nucleic acids to prevent adequate determination of an Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, Rhizopus or Rhizomucor genus or species or of Absidia corymbifera, Cunninghamella elegans, Pseudallescheria boydii (Scedosporium apiospermum), or Sporothrix schenckii species.

The hybridizing nucleic acid should have at least 70% complementarity with the segment of the nucleic acid to which it hybridizes. As used herein to describe nucleic acids, the term “selectively hybridizes” excludes the occasional randomly hybridizing nucleic acids and thus has the same meaning as “specifically hybridizing”. The selectively hybridizing nucleic acids of the invention can have at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, and 99% complementarity with the segment of the sequence to which it hybridizes.

The invention contemplates sequences, probes and primers which selectively hybridize to the complementary, or opposite, strand of DNA as those specifically provided herein. Specific hybridization with nucleic acid can occur with minor modifications or substitutions in the nucleic acid, so long as functional species-specific or genus-specific hybridization capability is maintained. By “probe” is meant nucleic acid sequences that can be used as probes or primers for selective hybridization with complementary nucleic acid sequences for their detection or amplification, which probes can vary in length from about 5 to 100 nucleotides, or preferably from about 10 to 50 nucleotides, or most preferably about 18 nucleotides. The invention provides isolated nucleic acids that selectively hybridize with the species-specific nucleic acids under stringent conditions and should have at least 5 nucleotides complementary to the sequence of interest. See generally, Maniatis (26).

If used as primers, the invention provides compositions including at least two nucleic acids which hybridize with different regions so as to amplify a desired region. Depending on the length of the probe or primer, target region can range between 70% complementary bases and full complementarity and still hybridize under stringent conditions. For example, for the purpose of diagnosing the presence of the Aspergillus, the degree of complementarity between the hybridizing nucleic acid (probe or primer) and the sequence to which it hybridizes (e.g., Aspergillus DNA from a sample) is at least enough to distinguish hybridization with a nucleic acid from other yeasts and filamentous fungi. The invention provides examples of nucleic acids unique to each filamentous fungus in the listed sequences so that the degree of complementarity required to distinguish selectively hybridizing from nonselectively hybridizing nucleic acids under stringent conditions can be clearly determined for each nucleic acid.

Alternatively, the nucleic acid probes can be designed to have homology with nucleotide sequences present in more than one species of the fungi listed above. Such a nucleic acid probe can be used to selectively identify a group of species such as the generic probes listed for Aspergillus (SEQ ID NO:58), Fusarium (SEQ ID NO:59), and Mucor (SEQ ID NO:60) as well as all fungi listed (SEQ ID NO:61). Additionally, the invention provides that the nucleic acids can be used to differentiate the filamentous fungi listed in general from other filamentous fungi and yeasts, such as Candida species. Such a determination is clinically significant, since therapies for these infections differ.

The invention further provides methods of using the nucleic acids to detect and identify the presence of the filamentous fungi listed, or particular species thereof. The method involves the steps of obtaining a sample suspected of containing filamentous fungi. The sample may be taken from an individual, such as blood, saliva, lung lavage fluids, vaginal mucosa, tissues, etc., or taken from the environment. The filamentous fungal cells can then be lysed, and the DNA extracted and precipitated. The DNA is preferably amplified using universal primers derived from the internal transcribed spacer regions, 18S, 5.8S and 28S regions of the filamentous fungal rDNA. Examples of such universal primers are shown below as ITS1 (SEQ ID NO: 62), ITS3 (SEQ ID NO: 63), ITS4 (SEQ ID NO: 64). Detection of filamentous fungal DNA is achieved by hybridizing the amplified DNA with a species-specific probe that selectively hybridizes with the DNA. Detection of hybridization is indicative of the presence of the particular genus (for generic probes) or species (for species probes) of filamentous fungus.

Preferably, detection of nucleic acid (e.g. probes or primers) hybridization can be facilitated by the use of detectable moieties. For example, the species-specific or generic probes can be labeled with digoxigenin, and an all-fungus probe, such as described in SEQ ID NO:61, can be labeled with biotin and used in a streptavidin-coated microtiter plate assay. Other detectable moieties include radioactive labeling, enzyme labeling, and fluorescent labeling, for example.

The invention further contemplates a kit containing one or more species-specific probes, which can be used for the detection of particular filamentous fungal species and genera in a sample. Such a kit can also contain the appropriate reagents for hybridizing the probe to the sample and detecting bound probe. The invention may be further demonstrated by the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES

In this example, PCR assay employing universal, fungus-specific primers and a simple, rapid EIA-based format for amplicon detection were used.

Extraction of Filamentous Fungal DNA

A mechanical disruption method was used to obtain DNA from filamentous fungal species and an enzymatic disruption method described previously (13) was used to obtain DNA from yeasts. Filamentous fungi were grown for 4 to 5 days on Sabouraud dextrose agar slants (BBL, division of Becton Dickinson, Cockeysville, Md.) at 35° C. Two slants were then washed by vigorously pipeting 5 mls of 0.01 M potassium phosphate buffered saline (PBS) onto the surface of each slant and the washes were transferred to 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 250 ml of Sabouraud dextrose broth (BBL). Flasks were then incubated for 4 to 5 days on a rotary shaker (140 rpm) at ambient temperature. Growth was then harvested by vacuum filtration through a sterile Whatman #1 filter paper which had been placed into a sterile Buchner funnel attached to a 2 L side-arm flask. The resultant cellular mat was washed on the filtration apparatus three times with sterile distilled water, removed from the filter paper by gentle scraping with a rubber policeman, and placed into a sterile Petri plate which was then sealed with parafilm and frozen at −20° C. until used.

Just prior to use, a portion of the frozen cellular mat, equal in size to a quarter, was removed and placed into a cold mortar (6″ diameter). Liquid nitrogen was added to cover the mat which was then ground into a powder with a pestle. Additional liquid nitrogen was added as needed to keep the mat frozen during grinding.

DNA was then purified using proteinase K and RNase treatment, multiple phenol extractions, and ethanol precipitation by conventional means (26).

PCR Amplification

The fungus-specific, universal primer pair ITS3 (5′- GCA TCG ATG AAG AAC GCA GC-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 63) and ITS4 (5′-TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 64) was used to amplify a portion of the 5.8S rDNA region, the entire ITS2 region, and a portion of the 28S rDNA region for each species as previously described (13, 34). DNA sequencing used this primer pair and also the fungus-specific, universal primer pair ITS1 (5′-TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 62) and ITS4 to amplify a portion of the 18S rDNA region, the entire 5.8S region, the entire ITS1 and ITS2 regions, and a portion of the 28S rDNA region.

A DNA reagent kit (TaKaRa Biomedicals, Shiga, Japan) was used for PCR amplification of genomic DNA. PCR was performed using 2 μl of test sample in a total PCR reaction volume of 100 μl consisting of 10 μl of 10×Ex Taq buffer, 2.5 mM each of dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP, in 8 μl, 0.2 μl of each primer, and 0.5 U of TaKaRa Ex Taq DNA polymerase. Thirty cycles of amplification were performed in a Perkin-Elmer 9600 thermal cycler (Emeryville, Calif.) after initial denaturation of DNA at 95° C. for 5 minutes. Each cycle consisted of a denaturation step at 95° C. for 30 seconds, an annealing step at 58° C. for 30 seconds, and an extension step at 72° C. for 1 minute. A final extension at 72° C. for 5 minutes followed the last cycle. After amplification, samples were stored at −20° C. until used.

TABLE 1 Synthetic Universal Oligonucleotides Used in PCR and Hybridization Analyses Primers Nucleotide Sequence Chemistry and or Probes (5′ to 3′) Location ITS3 GCA TCG ATG AAG AAC GCA GC 5.8S rDNA (SEQ ID NO:63) universal 5′ primer ITS4 TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC 28S rDNA (SEQ ID NO:64) universal 3′ primer ITS1 TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G 18S rDNA (SEQ ID NO:62) universal 5′ primer DNA Sequencing

Primary DNA amplifications were conducted as described above. The aqueous phase of the primary PCR reaction was purified using QIAquick Spin Columns (Quiagen, Chatsworth, Calif.). DNA was eluted from each column with 50 μl of heat-sterilized Tris-EDTA buffer (10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0).

Purified DNA was labeled using a dye terminator cycle sequencing kit (ABI PRISM, Perkin Elmer, Foster City, Calif.). One mix was made for each of the primers so that sequencing could be performed in both the forward and reverse directions. The reaction volume (20 μl) contained 9.5 μl Terminator Premix, 2 μl (1 ng) DNA template, 1 μl primer (3.2 pmol) and 7.5 μl heat-sterilized distilled H₂O. The mixture was then placed into a pre-heated (96° C.) Perkin Elmer 9600 thermal cycler for 25 cycles of 96° C. for 10 seconds, 50° C. for 5 seconds, 60° C. for 4 minutes. The PCR product was then purified before sequencing using CentriSep spin columns (Princeton Separations, Adelphia, N.J.). DNA was then vacuum dried, resuspended in 6 μl of formamide-EDTA (5 μl deionized formamide plus 1 μl 50 mM EDTA, pH 8.0), and denatured for 2 min at 90° C. prior to sequencing using an automated capillary DNA sequencer (ABI Systems, Model 373, Bethesda, Md.).

The sequencing results were as follows:

Aspergillus flavus 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence, internal transcribed spacer 2, complete sequence, and 28S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence.

(SEQ ID NO:1) GCTGCCCATC AAGCACGGC TTGTGTGTTG GGTCGTCGTC CCCTCTCCGG GGGGGACGGG CCCCAAAGGC AGCGGCGGCA CCGCGTCCGA TCCTCGAGCG TATGGGGCTT TGTCACCCGC TCTGTAGGCC CGGCCGGCGC TTGCCGAACG CAAATCAATC TTTTTCCAGG TTGACCTCGG ATCAGGTAGG GATACCCGCT GAACTTCAA Aspergillus fumigatus 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence, internal transcribed spacer 2, complete sequence, and 28S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence.

(SEQ ID NO:2) AAACTTTCAA CAATGGATCT CTTGGTTCCG GCATCGATGA AGAACGCAGC GAAATGCGAT AACTAATGTG AATTGCAGAA TTCAGTGAAT CATCGAGTCT TTGAACGCAC ATTGCGCCCC CTGGTATTCC GGGGGGCATG CCTGTCCGAG CGTCATTGCT GCCCATCAAG CACGGCTTGT GTGTTGGGCC CCCGTCCCCC TCTCCCGGGG GACGGGCCCG AAAGGCAGCG GCGGCACCGC GTCCGGTCCT CGAGCGTATG GGGCTTGTCA CCTGCTCTGT AGGCCCGGCC GGCGCCAGCC GACACCCAAC TTTATTTTTC TAAGGTTGAC CTCGGATCAG GTAGGGATAC CCGCTGAACT TAAA Aspergillus niger 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence, internal transcribed spacer 2, complete sequence, and 28S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence.

(SEQ ID NO:3) AAACTTTCAA CAATGGATCT CTTGGTTCCG GCATCGATGA AGAACGCAGC GAAATGCGAT AACTAATGTG AATTGCAGAA TTCAGTGAAT CATCGAGTCT TTGAACGCAC ATTGCGCCCC CTGGTATTCC GGGGGGCATG CCTGTCCGAG CGTCATTGCT GCCCTCAAGC ACGGCTTGTG TGTTGGGTCG CCGTCCCCCT CTCCCGGGGG ACGGGCCCGA AAGGCAGCGG CGGCACCGCG TCCGATCCTC GAGCGTATGG GGCTTTGTCA CCTGCTCTGT AGGCCCGGCC GGCGCCTGCC GACGTTATCC AACCATTTTT TTCCAGGTTG ACCTCGGATC AGGTAGGGAT ACCCGCTGAA CTTAA Aspergillus terreus 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence, internal transcribed spacer 2, complete sequence, and 28S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence.

(SEQ ID NO:4) AAACTTTCAA CAATGGATCT CTTGGTTCCG GCATCGATGA AGAACGCAGC GAAATGCGAT AACTAATGTG AATTGCAGAA TTCAGTGAAT CATCGAGTCT TTGAACGCAC ATTGCGCCCC CTGGTATTCC GGGGGGGCAT GCCTGTCCGA GCGTCATTGC TGCCCTCAAG CCCGGCTTGT GTGTTGGGCC CTCGTCCCCC GGCTCCCGGG GGACGGGCCC GAAAGGCACC GGCGGCACCG CGTCCGGTCC TCGAGCGTAT GGGGCTTCGT CTTCCGCTCC GTAGGCCCGG CCGGCGCCCG CCGAACGCAT TTATTTGCAA CTTGTTTTTT TTTCCAGGTT GACCTCGGAT CAGGT Aspergillus nidulans 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence, internal transcribed spacer 2, complete sequence, and 28S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence.

(SEQ ID NO:5) AAACTTTCAA CAATGGATCT CTTGGTTCCG GCATCGATGA AGAACGCAGC GAACTGCGAT AAGTAATGTG AATTGCAGAA TTCAGTGAAT CATCGAGTCT TTGAACGCAC ATTGCGCCCC CTGGCATTCC GGGGGGCATG CCTGTCCGAG CGTCATTGCT GCCCTCAAGC CCGGCTTGTG TGTTGGGTCG TCGTCCCCCC CCCCGGGGGA CGGGCCCGAA AGGCAGCGGC GGCACCGGTC CGGTCCTCGA GCGTATGGGG CTTGGTCACC CGCTCGATTA GGGCCGGCCG GGCGCCAGCC GGCGTCTCCA ACCTTATCTT TCTCAGGTTG ACCTCGGATC AGGTAGGGAT ACCCGCTGAA CTTAA Fusarium solani (strain ATCC62877) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:6) GAAAATGCGA TAAGTAATGT GAATTGCAGA ATTCAGTGAA TCATCGAATC TTTGAACGCA CATTGCGCCC GCCAGTATTC TGGCGGGCAT GCCTGTTCGA GCGTCATTAC AACCCTCAGG CCCCCGGGCC TGGCGTTGGG GATCGGCGGA AGCCCCCTGC GGGCACAACG CCGTCCCCCA AATACAGTGG CGGTCCCGCC GCAGCTTCCA TTGCGTAGTA GCTAACACCT CGCAACTGGA GAGCGGCGCG GCCACGCCGT AAAACACCCA ACTTCTGAAT GTTGACCTCG AATCAGGTAG GAATACCCGC TGAACTTAA Fusarium moniliforme (strain ATCC38519) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:7) AAATGCGATA AGTAATGTGA ATTGCAAAAT TCAGTGAATC ATCGAATCTT TGAACGCACA TTGCGCCCGC CAGTATTCTG GCGGGCATGC CTGTTCGAGC GTCATTTCAA CCCTCAAGCC CCCGGGTTTG GTGTTGGGGA TCGGCAAGCC CTTGCGGCAA GCCGGCCCCG AAATCTAGTG GCGGTCTCGC TGCAGCTTCC ATTGCGTAGT AGTAAAACCC TCGCAACTGG TACGCGGCGC GGCCAAGCCG TTAAACCCCC AACTTCTGAA TGTTGACCTC GGATCAGGTA GGAATACCCG CTGAACTTAA Mucor rouxii (strain ATCC24905) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:8) AAAGTGCGAT AACTAGTGTG AATTGCATAT TCAGTGAATC ATCGAGTCTT TGAACGCAAC TTGCGCTCAT TGGTATTCCA ATGAGCACGC CTGTTTCAGT ATCAAAACAA ACCCTCTATC CAGCATTTTG TTGAATAGGA ATACTGAGAG TCTCTTGATC TATTCTGATC TCGAACCTCT TGAAATGTAC AAAGGCCTGA TCTTGTTTAA ATGCCTGAAC TTTTTTTTAA TATAAAGAGA AGCTCTTGCG GTAAACTGTG CTGGGGCCTC CCAAATAATA CTCTTTTTAA ATTTGATCTG AAATCAGGCG GGATTACCCG CTGAACTTAA Mucor racemosus (strain ATCC22365) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:9) AAAGTGCGAT AACTAGTGTG AATTGCATAT TCAGTGAATC ATCGAGTCTT TGAACGCAAC TTGCGCTCAT TGGTATTCCA ATGAGCACGC CTGTTTCAGT ATCAAAACAA ACCCTCTATC CAACTTTTGT TGTATAGGAT TATTGGGGGC CTCTCGATCT GTATAGATCT TGAAATCCCT GAAATTTACT AAGGCCTGAA CTTGTTTAAA TGCCTGAACT TTTTTTTAAT ATAAAGGAAA GCTCTTGTAA TTGACTTTGA TGGGGCCTCC CAAATAAATC TCTTTTAAAT TTGATCTGAA ATCAGGCGGG ATTACCCGCT GAACTTAA Mucor plumbeus (strain ATCC4740) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:10) AAAGTGCGAT AACTAGTGTG AATTGCATAT TCAGTGAATC ATCGAGTCTT TGAACGCAAC TTGCGCTCAT TGGTATTCCA ATGAGCACGC CTGTTTCAGT ATCAAAACAA ACCCTCTATC CAACTTTTGT TGTATAGGAT TATTGGGGGC CTCTCGATCT GTATAGATCT TGAAACCCTT GAAATTTACT AAGGCCTGAA CTTGTTTAAT GCCTGAACTT TTTTTTAATA TAAAGGAAAG CTCTTGTAAT TGACTTTGAT GGGGCCTCCC AAATAAATCT TTTTTAAATT TGATCTGAAA TCAGGTGGGA TTACCCGCTG AACTTAA Mucor indicus (strain ATCC4857) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:11) AAAGTGCGAT AACTAGTGTG AATTGCATAT TCAGTGAATC ATCGAGTCTT TGAACGCATC TTGCACTCAA TGGTATTCCA TTGAGTACGC CTGTTTCAGT ATCAAAAAC AACCCTTATT CAAAATTCTT TTTTTGAATA GATATGAGTG TAGCAACCTT ACAAGTTGAG ACATTTTAAA TAAAGTCAGG CCATATCGTG GATTGAGTGC CGATACTTTT TTAATTTTGA AAAGGTAAAG CATGTTGATG TCCGCTTTTT GGGCCTCCCA AATAACTTTT TAAACTTGAT CTGAAATCAG GTGGGATTAC CCGCTGAACT TAA Mucor circinelloides f. circinelloides (strain ATCC1209B) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:12) AAAGTGCGAT AACTAGTGTG AATTGCATAT TCAGTGAATC ATCGAGTCTT TGAACGCAAC TTGCGCTCAT TGGTATTCCA ATGAGCACGC CTGTTTCAGT ATCAAAACAA ACCCTCTATC CAACATTTTT GTTGAATAGG ATGACTGAGA GTCTCTTGAT CTATTCTGAT CTCGAAGCTC TTGAAATGTA CAAAGGCCTG ATCTTGTTTG AATGCCTGAA CTTTTTTTTA ATATAAAGAG AAGCTCTTGC GGTAAACTGT GCTGGGGCCT CCCAAATAAC ACATCTTTAA ATTTGATCTG AAATCAGGT GGGACTACCC GCTGAACTT AA Rhizopus oryzae (strain ATCC34965) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:13) AGTGCGATAA CTAGTGTGAA TTGCATATTC AGTGAATCAT CGAGTCTTTG AACGCAGCTT GCACTCTATG GTTTTTCTAT AGAGTACGCC TGCTTCAGTA TCATCACAAA CCCACACATA ACATTTGTTT ATGTGGTGAT GGGTCGCATC GCTGTTTTAT TACAGTGAGC ACCTAAAATG TGTGTGATTT TCTGTCTGGC TTGCTAGGCA GGAATATTAC GCTGGTCTCA GGATCTTTTT TTTTGGTTCG CCCAGGAAGT AAAGTACAAG AGTATAATCC AGTAACTTTC AAACTATGAT CTGAAGTCAG GTGGGATTAC CCGCTGAACT TAA Rhizopus oryzae (strain ATCC11886) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:14) AGTGCGATAA CTAGTGTGAA TTGCATATTC AGTGAATCAT CGAGTCTTTG AACGCAGCTT GCACTCTATG GTTTTTCTAT AGAGTACGCC TGCTTCAGTA TCATCACAAA CCCACACATA ACATTTGTTT ATGTGGTAAT GGGTCGCATC GCTGTTTTAT TACAGTGAGC ACCTAAAATG TGTGTGATTT TCTGTCTGGC TTGCTAGGCA GGAATATTAC GCTGGTCTCA GGATCTTTTT CTTTGGTTCG CCCAGGAAGT AAAGTACAAG AGTATAATCC AGCAACTTTC AAACTATGAT CTGAAGTCAG GTGGGATTAC CCGCTGAACT TAA Rhizopus microsporus (strain ATCC14056) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:15) AAAGTGCGAT AACTAGTGTG AATTGCATAT TCGTGAATCA TCGAGTCTTT GAACGCAGCT TGCACTCTAT GGATCTTCTA TAGAGTACGC TTGCTTCAGT ATCATAACCA ACCCACACAT AAAATTTATT TTATGTGGTG ATGGACAAGC TCGGTTAAAT TTAATTATTA TACCGATTGT CTAAAATACA GCCTCTTTGT AATTTTCATT AAATTACGAA CTACCTAGCC ATCGTGCTTT TTTGGTCCAA CCAAAAAACA TATAATCTAG GGGTTCTGCT AGCCAGCAGA TATTTTAATG ATCTTTAACT ATGATCTGAA GTCAAGTGGG ACTACCCGCT GAACTTAA Rhizopus microsporus (strain ATCC12276) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:16) AAAGTGCGAT AACTAGTGTG AATTGCATAT TCGTGAATCA TCGAGTCTTT GAACGCAGCT TGCACTCTAT GGATCTTCTA TAGAGTACGC TTGCTTCAGT ATCATAACCA ACCCACACAT AAAATTTATT TTATGTGGTG ATGGACAAGC TCGGTTAAAT TTAATTATTA TACCGATTGT CTAAAATACA GCCTCTTTGT AATTTTCATT AAATTACGAA CTACCTAGCC ATCGTGCTTT TTTGGTCCAA CCAAAAAACA TATAATCTAG GGGTTCTGCT AGCCAGCAAA TATTTTAATG ATCTTTAACC TATGATCTGA AGTCAAGTGG GACTACCCGC TGAACTTAA Rhizopus circinans (strain ATCC34106) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:17) AAATTGCGAT AACTAGTGTG AATTGCATTT TCAGTGAATC ATCGAGTCTT TGAACGCAT CTTGCGCTCT TGGGATTCTT CCCTAGAGCA CACTTGCTTC AGTATCATAA CAAAACCCTC ACCTAATATT TTTTTTTTTT AAAAAAAAAA TATTAGAGTG GTATTGGGGT CTCTTTGGTA ATTCTTTGTA ATTATAAAAG TACCCTTAAA TGTCATAAAC AGGTTAGCTT TAGCTTGCCT TTAAAGATCT TCTTAGGGTA TCATTACTTT TCGTAAATCT TTAATAGGCC TGTCACATAA TTCTACCCTT AAATTTCTTA AACCTTGATC TGAAGTCAAG TGGGAGTACC CGCTGAACTT AA Rhizopus circinans (strain ATCC34101) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:18) AAATTGCGAT AACTAGTGTG AATTGCATTT TCAGTGAATC ATCGAGTCTT TGAACGCATC TTGCGCTCTT GGGATTCTTC CCTAGAGCAC ACTTGCTTCA GTATCATAAC AAAACCCTCA CCTAATATTT TTTTTTAAAA AAAAAAAATA TTAGAGTGGT ATTGGGGTCT CTTTGGTAAT TCTTTGTAAT TATAAAAGTA CCCTTAAATG TCATAAACAG GTTAGCTTTA GCTTGCCTTT AAAGATCTTC TTAGGGTATC ATTACTTTTC GTAAATCTTT AATAGGCCTG TCACATAATT CTACCCTTAA ATTTCTTAAA CCTTGATCTG AAGTCAAGTG GGAGTACCCG CTGAACTTAA Rhizous stolonifer (strains ATCC14037 and 6227A) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:19) AAAGTGCGAT AACTAGTGTG AATTGCATAT TCAGTGAATC ATCGAGTCTT TGAACGCAAC TTGCACTCTA TGGTTTTCCG TAAAGTACGC TTGCTTCAGT ATCATAAAGA CCCCATCCTG ATTATTATTT TTTTATTAAA ATAATTAATT TTGGAGATAA TAAAAATGAG GCTCTTTCTT TTCTTTTTTT TTTTTTTAAA AAAAAGGGGG GGAAAGGGTC TTTTAAAATG GGCAAATTCT GGGTTTTTTA CTAAACCTGA ACTCCCCCCA AAAATTCAAA AAAAAAAAAA TGGGTTTTAC CAAATTTTTT TTTTTTTTCT CCTTTTTGTG TAGTTAATAC TCTATTAAAT TTATTTACTT GGTATTATAA CGATTATGCA AGAAGGGAGA GAACAAAGAA TAATGAAAGA GAGTTTTTAA ATAAATTCTT TTTTCATTTT TTCAATCAAT GATCTGAAGT CAAGTGGGAT TACCCGCTGA ACTTAA Rhizomucor pusillus (strain ATCC36606) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:20) AAATTGCGAA AAGTAATGCG ATCTGCAGCC TTTGCGAATC ATCGAATTCT CGAACGCACC TTGCACCCTT TGGTTCATCC ATTGGGTACG TCTAGTTCAG TATCTTTATT AACCCCTAAA GGTTTATTTT TTGATAAATC TTTGGATTTG CGGTGCTGAT GGATTTTCAT CCGTTCAAGC TACCCGAACA ATTTGTATGT TGTTGACCCT TGATATTTCC TTGAGGGCTT GCATTGGTAT CTAATTTTTT ACCAGTGTGC TTCGAGATGA TCAAGTATAA AGGTCAATCA ACCACAAATA AATTTCAACT ATGGATCTGA ACTTAGATGG GATTACCCGC TGAACTTAA Absidia corymbifera (strain ATCC46774) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:21) AAAGTGCGAT AATTATTGCG ACTTGCATTC ATAGCGAATC ATCGAGTTCT CGAACGCATC TTGCGCCTAG TAGTCAATCT ACTAGGCACA GTTGTTTCAG TATCTGCAAC TACCAATCAG TTCAACTTGG TTCTTTGAAC CTAAGCGAGC TGGAAATGGG CTTGTGTTGA TGGCATTCAG TTGCTGTCAT GGCCTTAAAT ACATTTAGTC CTAGGCAATT GGCTTTAGTC ATTTGCCGGA TGTAGACTCT AGAGTGCCTG AGGAGCAACG ACTTGGTTAG TGAGTTCATA ATTCCAAGTC AATCAGTCTC TTCTTGAACT AGGTCTTAAT CTTTATGGAC TAGTGAGAGG ATCTAACTTG GGTCTTCTCT TAAAACAAAC TCACATCTAG ATCTGAAATC AACTGAGATC ACCCGCTGAA CTTAA Absidia corymbifera (strain ATCC46773) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:22) AAAGTGCGAT AATTATTGCG ACTTGCATTC ATAGTGAATC ATCGAGTTCT TGAACGCATC TTGCGCCTAG TAGTCAATCT ACTAGGCACA GTTGTTTCAG TATCTGCATC CACCAATCAA CTTAACCTTT TGTGTTGAGT TGGAACTGGG CTTCTAGTTG ATGGCATTTA GTTGCTGTCA TGGCCTTAAA TCAATGTCCT AGGTGTTAGA ACATCTAACA CCGGATGGAA ACTTTAGAGC GCTTTAAGAG CAGCTTGGTT AGTGAGTTCA ATAATTCCAA GCATTAAGTC TTTTAATGAA CTAGCTTTTC TATCTATGGG ACACTACTTG GAGAAATCCA AGTAACCTTT AAACTCCCAT TTAGATCTGA AATCAACTGA GACCACCCGC TGAACTTAA Cunninghamella elegans (strain ATCC42113) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:23) AAATCGCGAT ATGTAATGTG ACTGCCTATA GTGAATCATC AAATCTTTGA AACGCATCTT GCACCTTATG GTATTCCATA AGGTACGTCT GTTTCAGTAC CACTAATAAA TCTCTCTCTA TCCTTGATGA TAGAAAAAAA AAAAATAATT TTTACTGGGC CCGGGGAATC CTTTTTTTTT TTTAATAAAA AGGACCAATT TTGGCCCAAA AAAAAGGGTT GAACTTTTTT TACCAGATCT TGCATCTAGT AAAAACCTAG TCGGCTTTAA TAGATTTTTA TTTTCTATTA AGTTTATAGC CATTCTTATA TTTTTTAAAA TCTTGGCCTG AAATCAGATG GGATACCCGC TGAACTTAA Pseudallescheria boydii (strain ATCC44328) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions (teleomorph of Scedosporium apiospermum).

(SEQ ID NO:24) AAATGCGATA AGTAATGTAA ATTGCAAAAT TCAGTGAATC ATCGAATCTT TGAAACGCAC ATTGCGCCCG GCAGTAATCT GCCGGGCATG CCTGTCCGAG CGTCATTTCA ACCCTCGAAC CTCCGTTTC CTTAGGGAAG CCTAGGGTCG GTGTTGGGGC GCTACGGCAA GTCCTCGCAA CCCCCGTAGG CCCTGAAATA CAGTGGCGGT CCCGCCGCGG TTGCCTTCTG CGTAGTAAGT CTCTTTTGCA AGCTCGCATT GGGTCCCGGC GGAGGCCTGC CGTCAAACCA CCTAACAACT CCAGATGGTT TGACCTCGGA TCAGGTAGGG TTACCCGCTG AACTTAA Pseudallescheria boydii (strain ATCC36282) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions (teleomorph of Scedosporium apiospermum).

(SEQ ID NO:25) GAAATGCGAT AAGTAATGTG AATTGCAGAA TTCAGTGAAT CATCGAATCT TTGAAACGCA CATTGCGCCC GGCAGTAATC TGCCGGGCAT GCCTGTCCGA GCGTCATTTC AACCCTCGAA CCTCCGTTTC CTCAGGGAAG CTCAGGGTCG GTGTTGGGGC GCTACGGCAA GTCTTCGCAA CCCTCCGTAG GCCCTGAAAT ACAGTGGCGG TCCCGCCGCG GTTGCCTTCT GCGTAGAAGT CTCTTTTGCA AGCTCGCATT GGGTCCCGGC GGAGGCCTGC CGTCAAACCA CCTATAACTC CAAATGGTTT GACCTCGGAT CAGGTAGGGT TACCCGCTGA ACTTAA Scedosporium apiospermum (strain ATCC64215) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:26) GAAATGCGAT AAGTAATGTG AATTGCAGAA TTCAGTGAATC ATCGAATCTT TGAACGCACA TTGCGCCCGG CAGTAATCTG CCGGGCATGC CTGTCCGAGC GTCATTTCAA CCCTCGAACC TCCGTTTCCT CAGGGAAGCT CAGGGTCGGT GTTGGGGCGC TACGGCGAGT CTTCGCGACC CTCCGTAGGC CCTGAAATAC AGTGGCGGTC CCGCCGCGGT TGCCTTCTGC GTAGTAAGTC TCTTTTGCAA GCTCGCATTG GGTCCCGGCG GAGGCCTGCC GTCAAACCAC CTATAACTCC AGATGGTTTG ACCTCGGATC AGGTAGGTAC CCGCTGAACT TAA Scedosporium apiospermum (strain ATCC46173) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:27) AAATGCGATA AGTAATGTGA ATTGCAGAAT TCAGTGAATC ATCGAATCTT TGAACGCACA TTGCGCCCGG CAGTAATCTG CCGGGCATGC CTGTCCGAGC GTCATTTCAA CCCTCGAACC TCCGTTTCCT CAGGGAAGCT CAGGGTCGGT GTTGGGGCGC TACGGCGAGT CTTCGCGACC CTCCGTAGGC CCTGAAATAC AGTGGCGGTC CCGCCGCGGT TGCCTTCTGC GTAGTAAGTC TCTTTTGCAA GCTCGCATTG GGTCCCGGCG GAGGCCTGCC GTCAAACCAC CTATAACTCC AGATGGTTTG ACCTCGGATC AGGTAGGTAC CCGCTGAACT TAA Penicillium notatum (strain ATCC10108) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:28) AAATGCGATA CGTAATGTGA ATTGCAAATT CAGTGAATCA TCGAGTCTT TGAACGCACA TTGCGCCCCC TGGTATTCCG GGGGGCATGC CTGTCCGAGC GTCATTGCTG CCCTCAAGCA CGGCTTGTGT GTTGGGCCCC GTCCTCCGAT CCCGGGGGAC GGGCCCGAAA GGCAGCGGCG GCACCGCGTC CGGTCCTCGA GCGTATGGGG CTTTGTCACC CGCTCTGTAG GCCCGGCCGG CGCTTGCCGA TCAACCCAAA TTTTTATCCA GGTTGACCTC GGATCAGGTA GGGATACCCG CTGAACTTAA Sporothrix schenckii (strain ATCC14284 ) internal transcribed spacer 2 and adjacent regions.

(SEQ ID NO:29) GAAATGCGAT ACTAATGTGA ATTGCAGAAT TCAGCGAACC ATCGAATCTT TGAACGCACA TTGCGCCCGC CAGCATTCTG GCGGGCATGC CTGTCCGAGC GTCATTTCCC CCCTCACGCG CCCCGTTGCG CGCTGGTGTT GGGGCGCCCT CCGCCTGGCG GGGGGCCCCC GAAAGCGAGT GGCGGGCCCT GTGGAAGGCT CCGAGCGCAG TACCGAACGC ATGTTCTCCC CTCGCTCCGG AGGCCCCCCA GGCGCCCTGC CGGTGAAAAC GCGCATGACG CGCAGCTCTT TTTACAAGGT TGACCTCGGA TCAGGTGAGG ATACCCGCTG ACTTAA Contamination Precautions

Precautions were taken to avoid possible contamination of PCR samples by following the guidelines of Fujita and Kwok (13, 22). All buffers and distilled water used for PCR assays were autoclaved and fresh PCR reagents were aliquoted prior to use. Physical separation of laboratory areas used to prepare PCR assays and to analyze PCR products, and the use of aerosol-resistant pipette tips, reduced possible cross-contamination of samples by aerosols. Appropriate negative controls were included in each test run, including controls omitting either the primer or the DNA template during PCR assays.

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis was conducted in TBE buffer (0.1 M Tris, 0.09 M boric acid, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.4) at 80 V for 1 to 2 hours using gels composed of 1% (w/vol) agarose (International Technologies, New Haven, Conn.) and 1% (w/vol) NuSieve agar (FMC Bioproducts, Rockland, Me.). Gels were stained with 0.5 μg of ethidium bromide (EtBr) per ml of distilled H₂O for 10 minutes followed by three serial washes for 10 minutes each with distilled H₂O.

Microtitration Plate Enzyme Immunoassay for the Detection of PCR Products

Amplicons were detected using species-specific and genus probes labeled with digoxigenin andan all-filamentous fungal probe labeled with biotin in a streptavidin-coated microtiter plate format (13, 34). Ten μl of PCR product was added to each 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube. Single-stranded DNA was then prepared by heating the tubes at 95° C. for 5 minutes and cooling immediately on ice. Two-tenths of a ml of hybridization solution [4×SSC (saline sodium citrate buffer, 0.6 M NaCl, 0.06 M trisodium citrate, pH 7.0) containing 20 mM Hepes, 2 mM EDTA, and 0.15% (vol/vol) Tween 20] supplemented with 50 ng/ml each of the all-Aspergillus biotinylated probe and a species-specific digoxigenin-labeled probe was added to each tube containing denatured PCR product. Tubes were mixed by inversion and placed in a water bath at 37° C. to allow probes to anneal to PCR product DNA. After 1 hour, 100 μl of each sample was added to duplicate wells of a commercially prepared streptavidin-coated microtitration plate (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.). The plate was incubated at ambient temperature for 1 hour with shaking, using a microtitration plate shaker (manufactured for Dynatech by CLTI, Middletown, N.Y.). Plates were washed 6 times with 0.01 M potassium phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.2, containing 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST). Each well then received 100 μl of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated, anti-digoxigenin Fab fragment (Boehringer Mannheim) diluted 1:1000 in hybridization buffer. After incubation at ambient temperature for 30 minutes with shaking, the plate was washed 6 times with PBST. One hundred μl of a mixture of one volume of 3, 3′, 5, 5′-tetramethyl benzidine peroxidase substrate (Kirkegaard and Perry Laboratories, Inc., Gaithersberg, Md.) and one volume of peroxidase solution (Kirkegaard and Perry Laboratories) was added to each well and the plate was placed at ambient temperature for 10 minutes for color development. The A_(650nm) of each well was determined with a microtitration plate reader (UV Max, Molecular Devices, Inc., Menlo Park, Calif.). The absorbance value for the reagent blank, where DNA was absent but replaced with distilled H₂O, was subtracted from each test sample.

Statistical Analysis

The Student's t test was used to determine differences between sample means. Means are expressed as the mean plus or minus the standard error from the mean. Differences were considered significant when P<0.05.

The following probes were used to detect and distinguish each species.

TABLE 2 Probe Sequences 5′ to 3′ OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES SEQUENCE Generic Biotin Probe 5′ end-labeled biotinylated probe 5.8S region of rDNA B-58 GAA TCA TCG A(AG)T CTT SEQ ID NO 61 TGA ACG Digoxigenin-probe 5′ end-labeled digoxigenin probe ITS2 region of rDNA Aspergillus species A. flavus 22 GCA AAT CAA TCT TTT TCC SEQ ID NO 30 A. flavus 23 GAA CGC AAA TCA ATC TTT SEQ ID NO 31 A. fumigatus CCG ACA CCC ATC TTT ATT SEQ ID NO 32 A. niger GAC GTT ATC CAA CCA TTT SEQ ID NO 33 A. nidulans GGC GTC TCC AAC CTT ATC SEQ ID NO 35 A. terreus GCA TTT ATT TGC AAC TTG SEQ ID NO 34 Fusarium species F. moniliforme TCT AGT GAC GGT CTC GCT SEQ ID NO 49 F. oxysporum CGT TAA TTC GCG TTC CTC SEQ ID NO 50 F. solani CTA ACA CCT CGC AAC TGG SEQ ID NO 51 AGA Mucor species M. circinelloides AAC ATT TTT GTG AAT AGG SEQ ID NO 39 ATG M. indicus CGT GGA TTG AGT GCC GAT SEQ ID NO 38 M. plumbeus GAA ACC CTT GAA ATT SEQ ID NO 37 M. rouxii GAA TAG GAA TAC TGA GAG SEQ ID NO 36 M. racemosus GAA ATC CCT GAA ATT SEQ ID NO 40 Penicillium species Penicillium marneffei 1 GGG TTG GTC ACC ACC ATA SEQ ID NO 47 Penicillium marneffei 2 TGG TCA CCA CCA TAT TTA SEQ ID NO 48 Penicillium notatum GAT CAA CCC AAA TTT TTA SEQ ID NO 46 Rhizopus species R. circinans CTT AGG GTA TCA TTA CTT SEQ ID NO 42 R. microsporus CAT ATA ATC TAG GGG TTC SEQ ID NO 57 R. oryzae GAG TAT AAT CCA G(CT)A SEQ ID NO 41 ACT R. stolonifer CTT GGT ATT ATA ACG ATT SEQ ID NO 44 Rhizomucor pusillus TCC TTG AGG GCT TGC ATT SEQ ID NO 43 Other Genera Absidia corymbifera GTT GCT GTC ATG GCC TTA SEQ ID NO 55 Cunninghamella elegans 4 TAG TCG GCT TTA ATA GAT SEQ ID NO 52 Cunninghamella elegans 5 TAT TAA GTT TAT AGC CAT SEQ ID NO 53 Cunninghamella elegans 6 TAA GTT TAT AGC CAT TCT SEQ ID NO 54 Pseudallescheria boydii AAG TCT CTT TTG CAA GCT SEQ ID NO 45 Sporothrix schoenckii GAC GCG CAG CTC TTT TTA SEQ ID NO 56 Genus Probes G-ASPERGILLUS CCT CGA GCG TAT GGG GCT SEQ ID NO 58 G-FUSARIUM CCC AAC TTC TGA ATG TTG SEQ ID NO 59 G-MUCOR (AC)TG GGG CCT CCC AAA SEQ ID NO 60 TAA

Species-specific probes to the ITS2 region of rDNA for Aspergillus fumigatus (SEQ ID NO:32), A. flavus (SEQ ID NO:31), A. niger SEQ ID NO:33), A. terreus (SEQ ID NO:34), and A. nidulans (SEQ ID NO:35) correctly identified each of the respective species (P<0.001), and gave no false-positive reactions with Rhizopus, Mucor, Fusarium, Penicillium, or Candida species. The A. flavus probe also recognized A. oryzae, which belongs to the A. flavus group. Identification time was reduced from a mean of 5 days by conventional methods to 8 hours.

TABLE 3 Aspergillus Probes Fungus A. fumigatus A. nidulans A. niger A. terreus A. flavus A. fumigatus 2.197 ± 0.187 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.001 (n = 6) A. nidulans 0.001 1.315 ± 0.464 0.002 0.000 0.001 (n = 3) A. niger 0.000 0.000 1.242 ± 0.471 0.001 0.003 (n = 5) A. terreus 0.001 0.000 0.001 1.603 ± 0.378 0.001 (n = 4) A. flavus 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 2.043 ± 0.390 (n = 6) A. oryzae 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 2.445 ± 0.106 (n = 2) A. parasitica 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.051 (n = 1) A. clavus 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.005 0.003 (n = 1) C. albicans 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 (n = 1) C. parasilosis 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 (n = 1) C. glabrata 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.005 (n = 1) C. krusei 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 (n = 1) C. tropicalis 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.001 (n = 1) F. moniliforme 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.001 (n = 1) F. solani 0.006 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.001 (n = 1) R. oryzae 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 (n = 1) M. racemosus 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.000 (n = 1) P. notatum 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.000 (n = 1) Avg ± SD 0.001 ± 0.002 0.001 ± 0.001 0.000 ± 0.002 0.000 ± 0.002 0.002 ± 0.010 negative controls

Species-specific probes to the ITS2 region of rDNA for Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, and F. moniliforme, correctly identified each of the respective species (P<0.001), and gave no false-positive reactions with Blastomyces, Apophysomyces, Candida, Aspergillus, Mucor, Penecillium, Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, Absidia, Cunninghamella, Pseudallescheria, Sporothrix, or Neosartorya. Empty boxes in Table 4 represent zero probe reactivity.

TABLE 4 Fusarium Probes Generic Fungus F. oxysporum F. solani F. moniliforme Fusarium F. oxysporum 1.40 ± 0.13 1.76 ± 0.27 (n = 3) F. solani 1.57 ± 0.07 1.35 ± 0.28 (n = 5) F. moniliforme 1.40 ± 0.01 1.34 ± 0.91 (n = 2) Negative control A. fumigatus A. flavus A. niger A. nidulans A. terreus A. parasiticus A. clavatus P. marneffei 0.01 0.01 P. notatum 0.01 0.01 0.01 Rhizopus oryzae 0.03 0.01 Rhizopus microsporus 0.01 0.01 Rhizopus circinans 0.01 0.01 Rhizopus stolonifer 0.01 0.01 Rhizomucor pusillus 0.03 0.02 M. racemosus M. circinelloides M. rouxii M. plumbeus M. indicus Absidia corymbifera 0.01 0.01 Cunninghamella elegans 0.01 0.02 P. boydii 0.02 Sporothrix schenckii 0.01 0.01 C. albicans C. tropicalis C. krusei C. parasilosis C. glabrata Neosartorya fischeri 0.01 Blastomyces dermatitidis Apophysomyces elegans Average of negative controls 0.001 ± 0.002 0.005 ± 0.01 0.004 ± 0.006

Species-specific probes to various other zygomyces are presented in Table 5, showing correct identification of each species and no false positives. The exceptions are that the M. circinelloides probe hybridized with the M. rouxii DNA and the M. plumbeus probe hybridized with the M. racemosus DNA. However, the M. rouxii probe did not hybridize with M. circinelloides DNA, nor did the M. racemosus probe hybridize with M. plumbeus DNA. Therefore, by a process of elimination, each species can be correctly identified. Empty boxes in Table 5 represent zero probe reactivity.

TABLE 5 Zygomyces Probes D-probes FUNGUS RORY RMIC RCIR RSTOL RPUS MRACE MCIR MRX MPLUM MIND ABS CUN R. oryzae 1.50 ± 0.01 (n = 5) 0.48 R. microsporus 0.96 ± (n = 5) 0.61 R. circinans 1.56 ± (n = 3) 0.19 R. stolonifer 2.53 ± 0.01 (n = 5) 0.07 Rhizomucor 1.10 ± pusillus 0.68 (n = 2) M. racemosus 0.01 2.02 ± 0.29 ± (n = 6) 0.34 0.52 M. circinelloides 1.63 ± 0.01 0.02 (n = 3) 0.37 M. rouxii 1.77 0.76 (n = 1) M. plumbeus 2.14 ± (n = 2) 0.25 M. indicus 0.01 1.70 ± (n = 1) 0.04 Absidia 0.01 0.01 1.61 ± corymbifera 0.08 (n = 2) Cunninhamella 0.01 2.26 ± elegans 0.03 (n = 2) Negative control A. fumigatus 0.01 0.02 A. flavus 0.01 0.05 A. niger 0.01 A. nidulans 0.01 0.01 A. terreus 0.01 A. parasiticus 0.01 0.03 A. clavatus 0.02 P. marneffei 0.01 P. notatum 0.03 F. oxysporum 0.01 F. solani F. moniliforme 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 P. boydii 0.02 Sporothrix schenckii C. albicans C. tropicalis C. krusei C. parasilosis C. glabrata Neosartorya 0.01 fischeri Blastomyces dermatitidis Apophysomyces elegans Average 0.001 ± 0.001 ± 0.000 ± 0.000 ± 0.001 ± 0.001 ± 0.001 ± 0.001 ± 0.003 ± 0.005 ± 0.001 ± .004 0.02 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.01 0.001

Species-specific probes to various other fungi are presented in Table 6, showing correct identification of each species and no false positives. Empty boxes in Table 6 represent zero probe reactivity.

TABLE 6 Pseudallescheria and Sporothrix Probes Sporothrix Fungus P. boydii P.marneffei P.notatum schenckii P. boydii 1.65 ± 0.48 (n = 4) P. marneffei 0.01 1.24 ± 0.12 (n = 3) P. notatum 1.93 ± 0.25 (n = 3) Sporothrix schenckii 0.01 1.94 ± 0.25 (n = 3) Negative control A. fumigatus 0.01 A. flavus A. niger A. nidulans A. terreus A. parasiticus A. clavatus 0.11 F. oxysporum 0.10 F. solani 0.14 F. moniliforme 0.08 R. oryzae 0.01 R. microsporus 0.01 R. circinans 0.01 R. stolonifer 0.01 Rhizomucor pusilus M. racemosus 0.04 M. circinelloides 0.01 0.09 M. rouxii 0.01 M. plumbeus 0.05 M. indicus Absidia corymbifera 0.01 Cunninghamela bertholletiae 0.01 C. albicans C. tropicalis 0.02 C. krusei C. parasilosis C. glabrata Neosatorya pseudofischeri 0.03 Blastomyces dermatitidis 0.01 Apophysomyces elegans 0.01 Average Negative Controls 0.004 ± 0.002 0.013 ± 0.03 0.002 ± 0.019 0.001 ± 0.002

All of the references mentioned in this Specification are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

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1. A method of detecting a species of Fusarium in a sample, comprising contacting the sample with a nucleic acid probe consisting of SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 50 or SEQ ID NO: 51 or the complement thereof; wherein hybridization of the nucleic acid probe with the sample indicates the detection of a species of Fusarium in the sample.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the probe selectively hybridizes with a nucleic acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 6, or the complement thereof, and wherein the species of Fusarium is Fusarium solani.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the probe selectively hybridizes with a nucleic acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 7, or the complement thereof, and wherein the species of Fusarium is Fusarium moniliforme in the sample.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the probe consists of a nucleic acid sequence having a sequence as set forth as SEQ ID NO: 49, and where the species of Fusarium is Fusarium moniliforme.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the probe consists of a nucleic acid sequence having a sequence as set forth as SEQ ID NO: 50, and where the species of Fusarium is Fusarium oxysporum.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the probe consists of a nucleic acid sequence having a sequence as set forth as SEQ ID NO: 51, and where the species of Fusarium is Fusarium solani.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the probe is labeled.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the label is a radioactive label, an enzymatic label or a fluorescent label.
 9. An isolated nucleic acid probe consisting of a nucleic acid sequence as set forth as SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 50, or SEQ ID NO:
 51. 10. The isolated nucleic acid probe of claim 9, wherein the probe consists of a nucleic acid sequence having a sequence as set forth as SEQ ID NO:
 49. 11. The isolated nucleic acid probe of claim 9, wherein the probe consists of a nucleic acid sequence having a sequence as set forth as SEQ ID NO:
 50. 12. The isolated nucleic acid probe of claim 9, wherein the probe consists of a nucleic acid sequence having a sequence as set forth as SEQ ID NO:
 51. 13. The isolated nucleic acid probe of claim 9, wherein the probe is labeled.
 14. The isolated nucleic acid probe of claim 13, wherein the label is a radioactive label, an enzymatic label or a fluorescent label.
 15. An isolated nucleic acid sequence comprising a sequence as set forth as SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO:
 7. 16. An isolated nucleic acid sequence consisting essentially of a sequence as set forth as SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO:
 7. 17. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 15, comprising a nucleic acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:
 6. 18. The isolated nucleic acid sequence of claim 15, comprising a nucleic acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:
 7. 19. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 16, consisting of a nucleic acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:
 6. 20. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 16, consisting of a nucleic acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:
 7. 